C++ Programming

C++ is a general-purpose programming language and is widely used nowadays for competitive programming. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features. C++ runs on lots of platforms like Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac etc.

Basics

• Setting up C++
• Development Environment
• Writing first C++ program(Practice)
• void main or main()
• C++ Data Types(Practice)
• Basic Input/Output
• Response on exceeding valid range of data types
• C++ Preprocessors
• Operators in C++(Practice)
• Loops (Practice)
• Decision Making in C++(Practice)
• Execute both if and else simultaneously
• How to compile 32-bit program on 64-bit gcc in C and C++
• Switch statement in C++(Practice)
• Functions in C++(Practice)
• Arrays in C/C++(Practice)
• Strings in C++(Practice)
• Pointers in C++(Practice)
• References in C++
• Introduction to OOP in C++

C vs C++

• C program that won’t compile in C++
• Undefined Behaviour in C and C++
• Name Mangling and extern “C” in C++
• void * in C vs C++
• Program that produces different results
• in C and C++
• Type difference of character literals in C vs C++
• Difference between Structures in C and C++

C++ vs Java

• Inheritance in C++ vs Java
• static keyword in C++ vs Java
• default virtual behavior in C++ vs Java
• Exception Handling in C++ vs Java
• Foreach in C++ vs Java
• Templates in C++ vs Generics in Java
• Floating Point Operations & Associativity in C, C++ and Java
• Similarities between Java and C++

Input and output

• I/O Redirection in C++
• Clearing The Input Buffer
• Basic Input/Output(Practice)
• cout << endl vs cout << “\n” in C++
• Problem with scanf() when there is fgets()/gets()/scanf() after it
• How to use getline() in C++ when there are blank lines in input?
• scanf() and fscanf() in C – Simple Yet Poweful
• Using return value of cin to take unknown number of inputs in C++
• How to change the output of printf() in main() ?
• Implementation of a Falling Matrix
• What does buffer flush means in C++ ?
• kbhit in C language
• Code to generate the map of India

Operators

• Operators in C++
• Unary operators in C/C++
• Conditionally assign a value without
• using conditional and arithmetic operators
• Execution of printf with ++ operators
• Set a variable without using
• Arithmetic, Relational or Conditional Operator
• Scope Resolution Operator vs this pointer
• Pre-increment (or pre-decrement)
• new and delete operator in C++
• CHAR_BIT in C
• Casting operators| Set 1 (const_cast)

Arrays and Strings

• Arrays in C/C++
• Array of Strings
• Multidimensional arrays in C/C++
• Raw string literal
• Counts of distinct consecutive sub-string
• of length two
• Converting string to number and vice-versa
• Find size of array in C/C++ without using sizeof
• How to quickly reverse a string in C++?
• Tokenizing a string in C++
• Getline() function and character array
• Convert string to char array in C++
• C++ string class and its applications , Set 2
• How to create a dynamic 2D array inside a class in C++ ?
• Lexicographically next permutation
• Print size of array parameter
• Split a string in C/C++, Python and Java
• Stringstream in C++ and its applications
• Strchr() function in C/C++
• Isspace() in C/C++ and its application to count whitespace characters
• Char* vs std:string vs char[] in C++
• Std::lexicographical_compare() in C++STL
• Std::string::at in C++
• Std::substr() in C/C++
• std::stol() and std::stoll() functions in C++
• Extract all integers from string in C++
• Strchr() function in C++ and its applications
• Strcat() vs strncat() in C++
• Strncat() function in C/C++
• Strpbrk() in C
• strcoll() in C/C++
• Why strcpy and strncpy are not safe to use?

Functions

• Functions in C++
• Default Arguments
• C function argument and return values
• Inline Functions
• Return from void functions
• Returning multiple values from a function
• using Tuple and Pair
• Function Call Puzzle
• Functors
• Ciel and floor functions in C++
• Const member functions
• atol(), atoll() and atof() functions in C/C++
• swap() in C++
• wmemmove() function in c++
• wcscat() function in C++
• wcscmp() function in C++ with Examples
• wcscpy() function in C++ with Examples
• wcslen() function in C++ with Examples
• difftime() function in C++
• asctime() function in C++
• localtime() function in C++
• scalbn() function in C++
• isunordered() function in C++
• isnormal() in C++
• isinf() function in C++
• quick_exit() function in C++ with Examples
• ctime() Function in C/C++
• clock() function in C/C++
• nearbyint() function in C++
• quick_exit() function in C++ with Examples
• wcscmp() function in C++ with Examples
• wcscpy() function in C++ with Examples
• wcslen() function in C++ with Examples

Pointers and References

• Pointers in C and C++
• What is Array Decay in C++? How can
• it be prevented?
• Opaque Pointer
• References
• Can references refer to invalid location?
• Pass arguments by reference or pointer
• Smart Pointers
• ‘this’ pointer
• Type of ‘this’ pointer
• “delete this”
• auto_ptr, unique_ptr, shared_ptr and weak_ptr
• Dangling, Void , Null and Wild Pointers
• Passing by pointer Vs Passing by Reference
• NaN in C++ – What is it and how to check for it?
• nullptr
• Pointers vs References in C++

Dynamic memory allocation

• new and delete operator in C++
• malloc() vs new
• delete() and free()
• Std::get_temporary_buffer in C++

Object Oriented Programming(OOP)

• Object oriented design
• Introduction to OOP in C++
• Classes and Objects
• Access Modifiers
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Encapsulation
• Data Abstraction
• Structure vs class
• Can a C++ class have an object of self type?
• Why is the size of an empty class not zero?
• Static data members in C++
• Some interesting facts about static member functions
• Friend class and function
• Local Class
• Nested Classes
• Simulating final class

Constructor and Destructor

• Constructors
• Copy Constructor
• Destructors
• Does compiler create default constructor
• when we write our own?
• When should we write our
• own copy constructor?
• When is copy constructor called?
• Initialization of data members
• Use of explicit keyword
• When do we use Initializer List in?
• Default Constructors
• Private Destructor
• Playing with Destructors
• Copy elision
• C++ default constructor | Built-in types
• When does compiler create a
• default constructor and copy constructor?
• Why copy constructor argument should be
• const in C++?
• Advanced C++ | Virtual Constructor
• Advanced C++ | Virtual Copy Constructor
• When are static objects destroyed?
• Is it possible to call constructor
• and destructor explicitly?

Function Overloading

• Function Overloading
• Functions that can’t be overloaded
• Function overloading and const keyword
• Function overloading and return type
• Does overloading work with Inheritance?
• Can main() be overloaded
• Function Overloading and float

Operator Overloading

• Operator Overloading
• Copy constructor vs assignment operator
• When should we write our
• own assignment operator?
• Operators that cannot be overloaded
• Conversion Operators
• Is assignment operator inherited?
• Default Assignment Operator and References
• Overloading stream insertion (<<)
• and extraction (>>) operators
• Overloading array index operator [ ]

Virtual Functions

• Virtual Functions and Runtime Polymorphism
• Default arguments and virtual function
• Virtual functions in derived classes
• Can static functions be virtual?
• Virtual Destructor
• Virtual Constructor
• Virtual Copy Constructor
• RTTI (Run-time type information)
• Can virtual functions be private?
• Inline virtual function
• Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Classes
• Pure virtual destructor

Exception Handling

• Exception Handling Basics
• Stack Unwinding
• Catching base and derived classes as exceptions
• Catch block and type conversion
• Exception handling and object destruction

Namespace

• Namespace in C++ | Set 1 (Introduction)
• Set 2 (Extending namespace and
• Unnamed namespace)
• Namespace in C++ | Set 3 (Accessing,
• creating header, nesting and aliasing)
• Inline namespaces and usage of the
• “using” directive inside namespaces
• Can namespaces be nested?

Standard Template Library (STL)

Algorithms

• Introduction to STL
• Sorting
• Searching

Containers:

• Pair (Practice)
• Vector (Practice)
• Ways to copy a vector in C++
• Sorting 2D Vector in C++ | Set 3 (By number of columns),(Sort in descending order by first and second)
• Sorting 2D Vector in C++ | Set 2 (In descending order by row and column)
• 2D vector in C++ with user defined size
• Vector::clear() and vector::erase() in C++ STL
• Passing vector to a function in C++
• Vector::push_back() and vector::pop_back() in C++ STL
• Vector::empty() and vector::size() in C++ STL
• vector::front() and vector::back() in C++ STL
• Initialize a vector; Different ways
• Sorting 2D Vector in C++ | Set 1 (By row and column), (Sort by first and second)
• Computing index using pointers returned by STL functions in C++
• List
• List in C++ | Set 2 (Some Useful Functions)
• Forward List in C++ | Set 1 (Introduction and Important Functions)
• Forward List in C++ | Set 2 (Manipulating Functions)
• list::remove() and list::remove_if() in C++ STL
• Forward_list::front() and forward_list::empty() in C++ STL
• Forward_list::remove() and forward_list::remove_if() in C++ STL
• forward_list::unique() in C++ STL
• forward_list::reverse() in C++ STL
• forward_list::max_size() in C++ STL
• forward_list::before_begin() in C++ STL
• forward_list::cbefore_begin() in C++ STL
• forward_list::unique() in C++ STL
• forward_list::before_begin() in C++ STL
• forward_list::cbefore_begin() in C++ STL
• forward_list::reverse() in C++ STL
• forward_list::max_size() in C++ STL
• forward_list::splice_after() in C++ STL
• list::empty() and list::size() in C++ STL
• list::front() and list::back() in C++ STL
• list::pop_front() and list::pop_back() in C++ STL
• list::push_front() and list::push_back() in C++ STL
• list push_front() function in C++ STL
• list pop_back() function in C++ STL
• list pop_front() function in C++ STL
• list reverse function in C++ STL
• list resize() function in C++ STL
• list size() function in C++ STL
• list max_size() function in C++ STL
• Dequeue
• Deque::empty() and deque::size() in C++ STL
• Deque::pop_front() and deque::pop_back() in C++ STL
• Deque::clear() and deque::erase() in C++ STL
• Queue (Practice)
• Queue::front() and queue::back() in C++ STL
• Queue::push() and queue::pop() in C++ STL
• queue::empty() and queue::size() in C++ STL
• Priority Queue
• Stack (Practice)
• Stack::push() and stack::pop() in C++ STL
• Forward_list :: push_front() and forward_list :: pop_front() in C++ STL
• Stack::top() in C++ STL
• Stack::empty() and stack::size() in C++ STL
• Set (Practice)
• Count number of unique Triangles using STL | Set 1 (Using set)
• std::istream_iterator and std::ostream_iterator in C++ STL
• Std::next_permutation and prev_permutation in C++
• Std::stoul and std::stoull in C++
• Shuffle vs random_shuffle in C++
• Difference between set, multiset, unordered_set, unordered_multiset
• Check if a key is present in a C++ map or unordered_map
• Std::stable_partition in C++
• Valarray slice selector
• Std::memchr in C++
• Std::strncmp() in C++
• Stable_sort() in C++ STL
• Std::memcmp() in C++
• Std::memset in C++
• Std::bucket_count and std::bucket_size in unordered_map in C++
• Map of pairs in STL
• Range-based for loop in C++
• Std::includes() in C++ STL
• Std::set_symmetric_difference in C++
• Std::sort_heap in C++
• Map vs unordered_map in C++
• Round() in C++
• Modulus of two float or double numbers
• Multiset
• Map (Practice)
• Heap using STL C++

Multimap

• Multimap in C++ Standard Template Library (STL)
• multimap::find() in C++ STL
• multimap::erase() in C++ STL
• map emplace() in C++ STL
• multimap::emplace_hint() in C++ STL
• multimap::emplace() in C++ STL
• multimap::count() in C++ STL
• multimap::find() in C++ STL
• multimap::erase() in C++ STL
• multimap::begin() and multimap::end() in C++ STL
• multimap::cbegin() and multimap::cend() in C++ STL
• map cbegin() and cend() function in C++ STL
• multimap::crbegin() and multimap::crend() in C++ STL
• multimap size() function in C++ STL
• multimap lower_bound() function in C++ STL
• multimap swap() function in C++ STL
• multimap upper_bound() function in C++ STL
• multimap maxsize() in C++ STL
• multimap insert() in C++ STL
• multimap equal_range() in C++ STL

CPP-Math:

• sinh() function in C++ STL
• cosh() function in C++ STL
• tanh() function in C++ STL
• acos() function in C++ STL
• asinh() function in C++ STL
• acosh() function in C++ STL
• atanh() function in C++ STL

More:

• sort() in C++ STL
• Strand sort
• Type Inference in C++ (auto and decltype)
• transform() in C++ STL
• Variadic function templates in C++
• Template Specialization
• Implementing iterator pattern of a singly linked list
• Binary Search functions in C++ STL
• Descending order in Map and Multimap of C++ STL
• Insertion and Deletion in STL Set C++
• set::key_comp() in C++ STL
• set value_comp() function in C++ STL
• unordered_set get_allocator() in C++ STL with Examples

Inheritance

• What all is inherited from parent class in C++?
• Virtual Functions and Runtime Polymorphism in C++
• Multiple Inheritance in C++
• What happens when more restrictive access is given to a derived class method in C++?
• Object Slicing in C++
• Hiding of all overloaded methods in base class
• Inheritance and friendship
• Simulating final class

C++ Library

• file – generators and distributions
• Array type manipulation
• C++ programming and STL facts
• Sqrt, sqrtl and sqrtf in C++
• std::stod, std::stof, std::stold in C++
• C program to demonstrate fork() and pipe()
• Complex numbers in C++ | Set 1 Set 2
• Inbuilt library functions for user Input
• Rename function in C/C++
• Chrono
• valarray class
• Floating Point Manipulation (fmod(), remainder(), remquo() … in cmath)(Practice)
• Character Classification: cctype
• Snprintf() in C library
• Boost::split in C++ library
• Modulus of two float or double numbers
• Is_trivial function in C++
• Array sum in C++ STL
• Div() function in C++
• Exit() vs _Exit() in C and C++
• Std::none_of in C++
• Isprint() in C++
• Iscntrl() in C++ and its application to find control characters
• Std::partition_point in C++
• Iterator Invalidation in C++
• Fesetround() and fegetround() in C++ and their application
• Rint(), rintf(), rintl() in C++
• Hypot(), hypotf(), hypotl() in C++
• Std::gslice | Valarray generalized slice selector
• std::setbase, std::setw , std::setfill in C++
• Strxfrm() in C/C++
• Set position with seekg() in C++ language file handling
• Strstr() in C/C++
• Difftime() C library function
• Socket Programming
• Precision of floating point numbers in C++ (floor(), ceil(), trunc(), round() and setprecision())
• header file
• std::string class in C++
• Merge operations using STL in C++ (merge, includes, set_union, set_intersection, set_difference, ..)
• std::partition in C++ STL
• Ratio Manipulations in C++ | Set 1 (Arithmetic) , Set 2 (Comparison)
• numeric header in C++ STL | Set 1 (accumulate() and partial_sum()), Set 2 (adjacent_difference(), inner_product() and iota())
• Bind function and placeholders
• Array class
• Tuples
• Regex (Regular Expression)
• Common Subtleties in Vector STLs
• Understanding constexpr specifier
• unordered_multiset and its uses
• unordered_multimap and its application
• Populating a vector in C++ using fill() and fill_n()
• Writing OS Independent Code in C/C++
• C Program to display hostname and IP address
• Database Connectivity using C/C++
• C++ bitset and its application
• unordered_map in STL and its applications
• unorderd_set in STL and its applications
• nextafter() and nexttoward()

C++ Advanced

• User Defined Literal
• Placement new operator
• Advanced C++ with boost library
• Copy-and-Swap Idiom
• Zombie and Orphan Processes
• Lambda expression
• C++ | Signal Handling
• Preventing Object Copy in C++
• Command line arguments in C++

C++ in Competitive Programming

• Writing C/C++ code efficiently in Competitive programming
• Useful Array algorithms in C++ STL
• searching in fork()
• Data Type Ranges and their macros
• Cin-Cout vs Scanf-Printf
• getchar_unlocked() – faster input in C/C++ for Competitive Programming
• C qsort() vs C++ sort()
• Middle of three using minimum comparisons
• Check for integer overflow on multiplication
• Generating Test Cases (generate() and generate_n( )

Puzzles

• Can we call an undeclared function in?
• Can we access global variable if there
• is a local variable with same name?
• Can we use function on left side
• of an expression in C and C++?
• Can we access private data members
• of a class without using a member
• or a friend function?
• How to make a C++ class whose objects
• can only be dynamically allocated?
• How to print “GeeksforGeeks” with empty main()
• Print 1 to 100, without loop and recursion
• C/C++ Tricky Programs
• Print a number 100 times without using loop, recursion and macro expansion in C++
• How to restrict dynamic allocation of objects
• Sum of digits of a number in single statement
• Write a URL in a C++ program
• Zoom digits of an integer
• Composite Design Pattern in C++
• Assign value without any control statement
• Printing pyramid pattern
• How to swap two variables in one line in C/C++, Python and Java?
• Program to shut down a computer